Law of Supply and Demand | Entry Barriers

right of Supply and have Entry BarriersThe Economic Environment and Anatomy of BusinessLaw of Supply and DemandHeadline link 6 sold out Google Play Store de divorce have to a greater extent in stock every WednesdayURL http//www.techtimes.com/articles/19568/20141105/nexus-6-in-stock-every-wednesday-and- inwardly-minutes-google-ph up to(p)t-completely-sold-out-again.htmThe first scotch phenomenon that we atomic number 18 qualifying to look at is the law of supply and charter. In its raw form it states that if the demand for certain product is risqueer than its handiness (supply) then the harm for that product goes up and if the vice versa is exhibit then it decreases (Baye, 2010).A current vitrine of this is the lightning fast selling of Googles latest flagship smartphone Nexus 6. Upon its release in the Google Play Online store, the first burden was sold out within minutes. After that, when the second shipment arrived, the aforementioned(prenominal) peculiar(prenom inal) repeated. This is a puzzle out indicator that the demand of Nexus 6 was direction racyer than the actual supply.The reasons for such a high demand burn be attributed to several factors. Firstly, Googles Nexus 6 came with the unseasoned Android direct system version 5.0 (Code name Lollipop), beingness the only phone on the commercialize that supports it. Secondly, the wrong of Nexus 6 was (and currently is) relatively turn down than its contenders it is cheaper than Apples IPhone 6, 6Plus and Sonys Xperia Z3 (Luke Johnson, 7 November, 2014), and approximately same charged as Samsungs Galaxy S5. This gives an extra layer of appeal to buyers and combined with its high quality, the reason behind the extremely high demand of the Googles smart phone is justified.The graph on a lower floor illustrates an warning of the current supply and demand of Googles Nexus 6We mark the current price level of Nexus 6 with P1, the current quantity that Google laughingstock supply wi th Qs and the current quantity that is demanded with Qd. P* and Q* atomic number 18 our equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity respectively.Setting a lower price for the smartphone comp ared to the competitors and offering the exclusivity of the new Android operating system, has made the demand for the product extremely high. On one hand, this is right-hand(a) indicator, however, in this case Google could not provide an adequate amount of supply to the market. Those twain factors led the c exclusivelyer-up to an excess of demand. Assuming, the basic principles of the law of supply and demand are functioning, the rivalry betwixt customers, who want to buy the red-brick smartphone, leave behind push the price up to the equilibrium point. That point re interprets the place, where the demand from customers and the supply from Google, meet and form an equilibrium (supplied quantity is equal to the demanded one or our equilibrium price and quantity, conforms).Naturally, an oth er(a) scenario may slip away the demand for Nexus 6 might at last downslope as a result of oversaturation of the market with smartphones from the same class, adoption of the Android 5.0 OS by rival de poses (it is predicted that this will happen by the end of 2014 (James Rogerson, Matthew Hanson, October 2014) due to the fact that the Android OS is open-source) or a drop in prices of competitors phone offers. In case this happens, the equilibrium point will be achieved at a significantly lower price compared to the first scenario.To summarize, in the base of every modern economy stands the law of supply and demand and it dictates its basic behavior. Companies such as Google and its Nexus 6 smartphone, experience the stated law perfectly with its clear excess of demand.Entry BarriersHeadline Latest OS helping data shows Windows free dominating in PCsURL http//www.zdnet.com/latest-os-share-data-shows-windows-still-dominating-in-pcs-7000013351/The second economic mechanism tha t we are going to focus on is that of entry briers. Entry barriers or barriers of entry by definition are blockades crop on a limited market that make it difficult for new firms to enter. The reason of their formation can be due to government laws and regulations (this creates governmental monopolies), to a spectacular ships company that is taking advantage of economies of scale, to defacement loyalty, geographical barriers (the mining industry), high switching comprises, sunk costs, high cost for research and development or to patents (Sullivan, A Steven, M. S., 2003, p.153)..An excellent manikin for entry barriers is the market of desktop operating systems, which currently is occupied by Microsoft. Since its found in 1975 the company has walked a long way from a simple garage firm to a global computer giant that, at the present moment, has a monopolistic direct on the desktop OS market with more the 90% of it belonging to the Windows operating system (OS) (Desktop oper ational System Market Share, 2014). With the recent announcement of the newest member of the Windows family Windows 10, Microsoft aims to strengthen even more its position and on with that to keep the status quo. Hence, any other company, which wants to enter the market and achievementfully compete with Microsoft, postulate to make a huge investment. Several reasons lie behind that there is a significant market loyalty to the Windows OS, the know-how for making an OS with such proportions is concentrated within the company and the brand itself is highly recognizable. only those factors are barriers for the other companies to enter the market and in hostelry to compete efficiently, they have to apply a lot of effort to popularize their new brand. Moreover, Microsoft has many patents in the software welkin, which restrict major part of the information accesses for the rival firms. Furthermore, the switching costs (the cost for switching from one product to another) for a compan y, which uses the Windows OS, are significantly high. They consist of expenses for buying the new OS, integrating it and teaching its employees to use it and generally such migration will not be undertaken/ launched lightly or even at all.Entry barriers do not unceasingly have a positive effect on the market due to the fact they stimulates the creation of a monopolies in a specific sector, which may lead to unreasonably high prices and low quality. This stems from the lack of competitors able to challenge both price and quality of the products offered to the public. With Microsoft, this is not the case, but the prob energy is always there.To summarize, the barriers of entry are an efficient way for a firm to restrict access to a market segment and generate maximum profit.Microsofts monopolistic position in the sector of desktop operating systems is largely attributed to the discordant imposed entry barriers, which have assured their future dominant position on the market.Economies of Scale and political economy of a ScopeHeadline Facebook Has Spent $22 Billion on Acquisitions.URL http//mashable.com/2014/05/30/facebook-acquisitions/Thirdly, we are going to look at the following economic concepts economies of a scale and economics of a scope. Economies of a scale is a way for a company to reduce the average cost of its products by distributing the better costs onto a bigger amount of production (Baye, 2010, p. 185 186). Normally, this is done by increasing the size of the company (growing horizontally expanding in the current market segment). Economies of a scope, on the other hand, is achieved by expanding the company in other market sectors, where its current know-how can help to produce goods at a relatively lower prices then it normally would do (Baye, 2010, p. 187).Facebook is a company that applies simultaneously both economies of a scale and scope. Since its founding in 2004, the company has spent roughly 22 billion dollars for the goal of getting other businesses that eye socket from footling companies focused on web or mobile development, through startups that have an astonishing evolution rate (WhatsApp), to innovators that are promising to do cypher a whole new experience to their users ( oculus Rift).Buying small and medium sized companies that can be directly integrated into the development bidding of Facebook, is clear example of economies of a scale. By doing that, the company is reducing its fixed costs by spreading them onto a larger amount of users. Another benefit from this is the companys employees specialization into a specific field ( friendly media) and along with that they become more efficient, which increases the general productivity and reduce costs.Another aspect of Facebooks policy is that of acquiring companies in sectors cogitate to friendly media. A good example of that is the Oculus Rift deal that happened in the beginning of 2014. Through buying the company, Facebook can combine the virtual originality technology provided form Oculus Rift with its know-how of brining real life complaisant experience, online and the result will be a totally new way that we experience the web. This implies that the complaisant Media giant will be able to reduce its total cost in the view that it already has experience in the field of software development and social media. develop applications for the new virtual reality platform or developing the platform itself will be little expensive than for other companies that do not have such experience.Avoidlessly, economies of scale and scope come at a price. Larger firms often experience line of effects such as miscommunication between its separate parts, difficulties in coordination and their owners baseless part of the control over the company due to the necessity to delegate part of their responsibilities to managers, hence they may not always make the most adequate decisions for the best of the company.In conclusion, by using econo mies of a scale and scope companies such as Facebook can significantly reduce their total costs, optimize productivity and increase production power.Price discriminationHeadline GitHub announces free developer tools for studentsURL http//thenextweb.com/insider/2014/10/07/github-announces-free-developer-tools-students/The last economic concept that we are going to look at is price discrimination. In its core, price discrimination is a type of pricing strategy, in which the same or largely similar products are sold at different prices appearing on various factors.There are several degrees of price differentiation first, second and third, in addition to that, diverse combinations among them can be formed. Typical for the first degree is that a monopolistic company charges the absolute maximum price (reservation price) for its goods or services (perfect price discrimination). The second degree is closely related to quantity demand the larger it is, the lower the prices are (it does n ot depend on customers personality). Conversely, third degree price discrimination can be based on a specific market group (students, teachers, workers etc.), on geographical location or even more in most cases on a specific customer, but not on quantity (Cabral, 2014).A good example of price discrimination, is the recent release of free developer packages from GitHub for people belonging to educational sector students, teachers, administrative cater and researchers, which include waiving of subscription taxes for a private GitHub account and free educational software (third degree discrimination).By taking this step, GitHub attracts more people form the target sector. For instance, students overall have more restricted incomes, making them more price sensitive to changes and the demand they form, relatively elastic (from the graphic bellow changes in price from P1 to P2 are met with significantly greater change in demanded quantity Q1 to Q2). In other words, small price change s can have a great impact on the total demand of a certain item. Similarly, GitHub offers the same packages for teachers which allows them to better educate their students and hence produce a better qualified future workers for the market, benefiting the economy as a whole. Despite the fact that those packages are now free, in long term they can bring more clients and create customer loyalty, which will result positively on the companys revenue.Moreover, this price discrimination tactic has a beneficial influence on the whole software development sector due to the fact it provides free access to private accounts and free development tools. This contributes to students to develop their ideas, which can eventually grow in startups a effect on the economy.However, attempts for reselling the software provided within the free packages can occur and in order to prevent this the company has taken measures. For students to request such an account, they need to provide their singular unive rsity email or school ID as a proof. Teachers and researchers on the other hand need to present a proof of stand* in order to install the software on their computers. Providing proof of affiliation is a way of verifying the involvement the faculty member status. Such packages are allowed per person/ an email account and in addition to that most of the software is licensed under conditions that permit its usage only for donnish purposes and any other attempts are punishable by international law. Undoubtedly, ways around such rules exist but generally speaking the company is relatively safe against reselling of their products.To conclude, price discrimination is an efficient way for companies to specifically tailor their products for a particular group of customers. Being one of those companies, GitHub combines the benefits from that, with the opportunity to stimulate the academic process around the world.ReferencesBAYE, M. R. (2009) Managerial economics and business strategy 7th edition, New York, McGraw-Hill/IrwinCABRAL, L. M. B. (March 10, 2014) Introduction to industrial Organization 2th edition, Price DiscriminationSullivan, A Steven, M. S. (2003). Economics Principles in action, Upper Saddle River, New island of Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-063085-3.Desktop Operating System Market Share (October 2014) (online). Available fromhttp//www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=10qpcustomd=0 (Last Accessed 14/11/2014)James Rogerson, Matthew Hanson (13 November, 2014) (online). Android Lollipop 5.0 update when can I get it? Available fromhttp//www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/android-l-5-0-release-date-when-can-i-get-it1257804 (Last Accessed 15/11/2014)Luke Johnson (7 November, 2014) (online). Nexus 6 release date, rumors, news, specs and price round-up. Available fromhttp//www.trustedreviews.com/news/nexus-6-release-date-rumours-news-specs-and-price (Last Accessed 15/11/2014)sociable Work Assess ment, Plan, Implementation and Evaluation friendly Work Assessment, Plan, Implementation and EvaluationWhat is a social work appraisal, plan and evaluation?The aim of social work is to protect individuals from harm, and to empower them and improve their lives. affable workers form a human link between the many programs employed to serve the public good and those who are in need. They form the eyes and ears of public efforts to combat social ills, so to speak, and they are the virtual(a) human element of common sense in their application. It is in this role where new ideas are created and mod solutions are identified, where existing practices are judged for effectiveness, and, most classicly, where the faceless bureaucracy of government takes human form.In order to accomplish this a critical process of legal opinion, planning, and evaluation has evolved in the field of social work which allows social workers to effectively achieve their goals. Moreover, it is has found a wide ra nge of applications, from the student-supervisor relationship to practitioners in the field.The process of sound judgement is aimed first at identifying problems or taking stock of a particular situation. Identifying the problems in a situation provides the fundamental raison dtre for the development and employment of a solution. Past identifying whether there is actually a problem (which is often suspected or reasonably unsounded before an assessment is undertaken), social work assessment has more to do with determining the particular nature of the problem and its degree. Understanding what kind of problem is being faced, and just how bad it really is, is key to forming a coherent plan to affect a real solution. This requires strong observation and critical analysis skills on the part of the social worker, but it also requires an well-read and experiential knowledge of the field in which the assessment is being undertaken.Once the nature and degree of a problem is understood, di fferent options may emerge each as a assertable solution. Each possible solution will have its own strengths and weaknesses, its own advantages and drawbacks. And while the process of assessment may be viewed as excessively tedious at times, it is critical to never underestimate its importance. A content on the need for an assessment model in primary medical care facilities for the elderly noted that When psychosocial of necessity go unmet through misdiagnosis, lack of detection, lack of treatment and follow up, elderly patients are at risk of exposure of further health problems that can lead to physical deterioration, reduced independence, and eventually to the need for more intense and expensive services. (Berkman et al., 1999) The failure of appropriate assessment not only prevents positive solutions, but also results in negative impacts.Assessment forms a critical foundation for the effectiveness of all other social work efforts. As such, the identification of different s olutions requires policy knowhow and creativity on the part of the social worker. Meeting the demands of this important aspect of assessment, in conjunction with the skills of problem identification and critical analysis, will picture sound and proper assessments which enable the identification of proper solutions.Assessment is a critical component at the basis of all kinds of social work, from medical care and patient treatment to domestic violence and child poverty. All outcomes depend upon an assessment model built upon sound observation and critical analysis combined with creative and cognizant policy thought.Solid assessment will provide the social worker with a range of options for addressing a particular problem. The selection of an appropriate solution involves properly understanding the nature of the problem, as well as the various impacts of each option at different levels.The skills required to identify the right solution to a problem involve more than simple program li teracy or policy analysis. They involve the fundamental ability to not only understand policies, but to weigh them concurrently against previously identified goals. Because many factors gnarled in determining the impacts of a possible solution are subjective (i.e. individuals, public and private groups, ever-changing laws etc), achieving this is not a matter of simple analysis but of an intuitive understanding of these subjective factors. also often, someone unfamiliar with, or removed from, these subjective variables enacts a calculated decision based upon what is understood to be sound analysis. The history of social work is filled with this kind of serial miscalculation.Take, for example, a 2005 study on battered women. It found that Safety planning will be most effective if it occurs within a contextualized assessmentprocess that illuminates the deeper struggles and multiple harms that women balance when making decisions about continuing or ending relationships. (Lindhorst et al., 2005) While a contextualized assessment process is the main focus of the essay, it is the effectiveness of the plan or policy that is identified as the major issue affected by its absence. Assuming the burdens of sound assessment are properly met elsewhere, the contextualization of the process, or the root of its understanding in the subjective variables which specifically define it, will determine its success. documentary planning and policy implementation in response to sound assessment must always be rooted in the day to day reality of the issue it is dealing with. Too much generality or beaurocratization of this process distances it from reality, and only serves the employment of solutions which leave critical needfully and major goals unmet. Ensuring that this understanding is present, along with the required critical analysis skills and policy knowledge on the part of the social worker, will ensure the right person is making these decisions. A bad decision based upon th e best assessment is still an unacceptable outcome.It is never evident, however, that the right plan or policy was chosen or the right assessment undertaken without some kind of evaluation. Success and failure is seldom absolute. More often it exists in degrees. And while success may be met in a number of respects, it may be absent in a number of others. The process of evaluation is designed to measure these degrees.The changes that have taken place since a particular plan or policy was implemented are a major indicator of their effectiveness. Too often, however, not enough attention is paid to whether or not these changes are actually the result of the plans or policies in question. It is the process of evaluations primary task to determine the facts of policy impacts and exactly what policies are responsible for(p) for certain changes.Furthermore, the process of evaluation is usually synonymous with some kind of accountability. When looking at programs from a financial point of v iew, this accountability is welcome. Indeed, it is rightly viewed as necessary to their responsible administration. This evaluation is, to a large degree, black and white. Either the numbers add up or they dont. Either an idea has essentially succeeded or it has failed, or else it needs some tweaking.From a personnel perspective, however, the words accountability, supervision and evaluation are frightening. They imply having ones feet held to the fire for failure. These processes exist in a paradigm of fear and dread. Educators blame others and blame the peck for their lack of effectiveness rather than taking personal responsibility.This phenomenon in human dynamics should not be seen as unique to teachers and administrators in education. It exists everywhere. We all have a tough time taking and big criticism. We all have that very common fear of failure. (Mcgrath, 2000) The human dynamic is here identified as a force resistant to the very kind of accountability the process of ev aluation is meant to bring about. The study, The military man Dynamics of Personnel Evaluation (Mcgrath, 2000) talks about the judgmental nature and pressure of accountability which needs to be taken into account in the evaluation process.The evaluation process is often viewed as a simple matter of calculation, or arithmetic. We had the goals the reasoning goes, we had the assessment and the plan, and we had what happened just add it all up. But its just not that simple. The human dynamic is woven between virtually every fibre in the assessment and policy process. Viewing accountability through a fiscal lens, or a stringently factual lens of objective causes and effects, miscalculates one of the largest and most influential factors in determining the usefulness of social work evaluation people.Making the evaluation process effective must involve, as with the two other processes discussed in this essay, more than just analysis. It must involve a psychology of responsibility that i ndividuals are confronted with in the process at all levels. It must involve a confrontation of the fear of failure present in the heart of every sincere effort. Perhaps the great compassion which drives the field of social work forward, demanding the investment of nothing less than life itself from thousands of people, is also its greatest weakness. I believe, however, that it is the unawareness of this vulnerability which makes it a liability nothing the fullness of character and a mature temperament cannot address.BibliographyBerkman et al. (1999) Standardized Screening of aged(a) Patients Needs for Social Work Assessment in Primary Care Use of the SF-36 Health and Social Work. Vol. 24Boutin-Foster et al. (2005) Social Work Admission Assessment Tool for Identifying Patients in Need of Comprehensive Social Work Evaluation Health and Social Work. Vol. 30Burgess, H., Taylor, O., (2004) Effective Learning and Teaching in Social Policy and Social Work. London RoutledgeFalmerGarcia, J., Floyd, C., (2002) Addressing Evaluative Standards Related to Program Assessment How Do We Respond? journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 38Ginsburg, E., (1990) Effective Interventions Applying Learning Theory to School Social Work. New York Greenwood take the fieldGitterman, A., (2001) Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations. New York Columbia University PressLindhorst et al. (2005) Contextualized Assessmennt of batter Women Strategic Safety Planning to Cope with Multiple Harms Journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 41Mcgrath, M., (2000) The piece Dynamics of Personnel Evaluation School Administrator. Vol. 57Pardeck, J., (2002) Family Health Social Work Practice. London auburn HouseSiebert, D., Siebert, C., Spaulding-Givens, J., (2006) Teaching Social Work Skills Primarily Online An Evaluation Journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 42