The Public Transport In London Sociology Essay

The Public conduct In London Sociology EssayLondon is the capital of England and is unmatched of the largest cities of the being as wholesome of the United Kingdom. The urban center has a huge commonwealth of 8,174, carbon, making it the virtu all toldy populous municipality in the European Union. entirely these state have to move in order to lead their life and a huge enumerate of the population take the private embark for travelling. Although in that respect ar m all concourse who travel on their private vehicles, an considerable number of community take the prevalent channel. London being one of the most upstart cities of the sphere overly offers m whatsoever options to its citizens for travelling. There atomic number 18 tube train services,London B designs,Tram link, theDocklands Light Railway,over ground, spread transfers and early(a) options. A report suggests that annually in London, there argon a staggering 2 one thousand thousand of bus journeys, 1 b illion of underground journeys and 800 million journeys on National Rail net plows.BodyAll the flock of London travel in the man transports throughout the day. muckle travel, go to their work, students go to schools by these humankind transports. A follow was make on the semipublic transport in London by victorious opinions from the people of London. The comply was done with people of contrastive ages. The people were asked several(predicate) promontorys and their answers were studied. The question asked comprised of two types. One category had one word answers and the some other(a)wise had elaborate options. However, all the questions were multiple choice questions. We gathered a trig idea nearly the public transport in London from the survey.The rootage ten questions were one word answers. The survey takers just ticked on any one of the option between yes and no. We found various opinions from varied people. Peoples responses likewise differed with their ages a nd economic capacities. The first ten questions be given in the table below, along with their answers. The answers atomic number 18 given in dowry afterward making a calculation from the responses and opinions of the people.SerialQuestionAnswer in Percentage01Do you travel in Public transport?60%02Do you have a private transport?50%03 ar you a well-ordered traveller?50%04Do you have any income?70%05Do you go to work by public transport?90%06Is Public Transports of London prospering?60%07Is it cheaper than private transports?100%08Do you find the Public Transports crowd?80%09Do other members of your family travel in public transports?60%10Are you laughing(prenominal) with the Public Transports of London?70%Table No. 01The outcome of the survey helps to draw a picture of the Public transport of London. The canvas shows that more(prenominal) than half of the people of London avail public transport. Here we come over the figure stands 60%. In addition to that it is seen that a good number of people do not have a private vehicle. Now, the future(a) question asked to the survey takers was if they were regular travellers. 50% of them agree that they were regular passengers. It meant that they were regular customers and that they depended of public transport.People travel and make journeys for various figures. The study shows that most of the people went to work in public transport. So, public transport is a very essential medium for going to the work place. It is at the resembling time a very prominent option for the employees. However, one matter cannot be denied at all. During rush hours and even at some other time of the day, there are huge crowd in these transports. This task does not happen at all time yet broadly during rush hours. The problem is not because there is less number of vehicles simply that there are more people at the same time. The conniption is common while people start for office and then once again when they return. For thi s reason 80% of the people said that public transports were filled with crowd.The survey went to details about the topic and about the feeling of the people. The questions were done for the other family members of the people. The individuals were asked if other members of their families used public transports as a mean of travelling. A good number of 60% of the people informed that other members of their family similarly traveled on these transports. This means that the families that use public transport use the maximum use of it. The delay question that was asked to the survey takers was their feeling about the transport outlines. It was asked if they were happy with the public transport of London. A total of 70 share of the people said they were happy with the built in bed. This conveys a very overbearing feeling about the Public Transport of London. It also depicts that the communication remains of the metropolis is very good, developed and advanced. At the same time it is also very public friendly.The second phase of the survey was the open questions. afterward getting a picture of the public transport of London the purpose was to go deeper. A total of 5 open questions were asked to get a more elaborate picture. The questions were asked to know about the different types of public transports that the people used.The first of the open question was about the age of the people. The people were asked to stag their age so that it could be calculated that which age of people took he public transport more.The chart below shows the age wise transporters.graph No. 01The chart clearly shows that the most of the people taking public transports are from the age of 15-30. The next group of people who take this transport are the people of senescence between 30 and 45 years. just about no people agedness below 15 take the public transport and there are a few people aging 45 to 60 years old take the transports. People aging above 60 do use public transport b ut they are very few. It means the children are not independent, they depend on their parents. So, they normally do not travel on public transports. The do not usually travel much. If they even do, they are accompanied by their parents. The old people do less travelling, so their percent is also low. The people, who are young aging between 15 to 45 years, are the ones who take the public transport most. It is because they go to work, attain classes, and do all other travelling by the public transports.The next question that was asked to the people was their occupation. It was really needed to know which class or group of people used the public transport most. The chart below reflects the travelling of different people.Chart No. 02The chart clearly shows which category of the people takes the public transport most. It shows that the working people use the maximum utilization. Next are the students and then are the people looking for work. People go to their work places with the publi c transports. The students also take this for going to their educational institutions. People who are looking for work are also taking the help of the public transport. The later questions elaborate why these people use this means.The third question that was asked to the people was that which public transports they found more comfortable.London is a city of many dwellers and there are also many options of public transports. The city firstly like all others have public buses. The city has a long and connected underground rail line. It is one of the oldest in the world but much advanced. The railway changed and advanced to the highest extends with the introduction of all the modern technologies. Normal trains are also available added with trumps. The chart below shows the percentage of the different public transports taken by the people.Chart No. 03The chart clearly shows that most of the people of London take the underground. That means the underground rail transport holds the maximu m passengers. It alone carries about 50 percent of the public. The next are the buses and then the trump. The airways is least taken by the people. personal line of credit is not so popular because it is expensive.The next question was asked which public transport was lower in cost. The options were the same. The chart below shows the result.Chart No. 04The information shows that the underground train is the cheapest. That is one of the reasons why people take this transport. The percentage is 70 percent. The figure next to it is the bus which is about 25 percent.The last question that was asked to the people was that which transport saved more time. The chart shows the situation below.Chart No. 05The answer to the question that which transport saves time is different from all the others. Although very few of the people took the air lines, most of them agreed that airn transport saved the time most. The percent was 70%. The reason again why it was not 100% is because of the distan ce. Shorter distance could easily be travelled by train and then by buses.ConclusionAll the data and the discussions above show a clear picture of the transport system of London. It shows that most of the people of London do take the Public Transport. The study finds that the underground railway dominates among the public transports. London has a very well organized public transport and it is also very advanced in technology. The people living in London are also comfortable with their Public Transport.

Computer Crime in Sri Lanka

calculating machine disgust in Sri LankaA research study of the Computer Crimes in Sri Lanka and the antifertility acts interpreted by the Sri Lankan government.BackgroundComputer systems argon whateverwhere and realize a great deal of our day to day life. Computer systems mention our life so some(prenominal) easier. All the concourse around the ground are forced to use the ready reckoner systems even if they do not like. These estimator systems can be use in a best vogue or in a bad way of life. The bad way is known as a information processing system detestation.MotivationPresently, individuals and companies are essay from computer plagues, thinking is it a execration or not? what are laws available for it, where to turn on a complaint? etc.To improve the fellow feeling of computer offensives, this topic has been chosen, which every last(predicate)ows studying approximately different kinds of computer crimes and the single laws applies for those crimes.In t his research, the computer crimes in Sri Lanka and the counteract applicable for those crimes and different nation laws go forth be discussed.Computer crime, also known as cybercrime, is either illicit action that includes a computer or network associated gadget, for example, a cell phone. The Department of Justice partitions computer crime into 3 classifications violations in which the computer gadget is the victim, for instance, getting access to the network violations in which the computer is utilized as a weapon, for instance, to dispatch a Denial of renovation (DoS) approach shot and violations in which the computer is utilized as an accomplice to a wrongdoing, for instance, utilizing a computer to save wrongfully acquired entropy (Rouse, 2010).Examples of computer crimeMaking Malware Making and spreading viruses, Trojans or other kinds of malware.DoS attack Imp playacting the server performance by sending large summate requests. unlicensed access Accessing the compu ter system without any lawful authority.Intellectual h experienceding thieving Thieving an come upon-ups or individuals intellectual belongings.Child pornography Creating or selling novelster erotica.Cyberstalk or Cyberbullying Harassing others online.Cyber terrorism Threat to the national security surgical incision or national economy or public safety.Fraud reparation data, for instance, altering bank account balance amount details.Espionage Infiltration (an placement or someone).Harvesting Gather account associated data from people.Identity theft Pre cristald to be someone else.Spoofing Cheating a system by pretending someone else.Spamming Annoying unwelcome large amount of emails try to fill the inbox.Phishing Fool someone by pretending or acting to be a trustable individual in an email or an organization and trying to get their personal in arrangeion.(ComputerHope, 2017)To destroy a persons or organizations reputation.To make money or steal money from a pers on or an organization.Full-fill their desires (by b dropmailing, threatening etc.).Show off their skills to their friends / for enjoyment.Lack of authorities or slight severe punishments.The Computer Crimes reported, in Sri Lanka are financial frauds, abuse/ loathe/ secrecy violation, phishing, scams, malware, unauthorized access, intellectual property violation, DoS/DDoS attack, Social media cogitate incidents.According to SLCERT (Sri Lankan Computer Emergency Readiness Team), Fake accounts crimes are study crimes committed in Sri Lanka.Computer crimes in Sri Lanka keep up change magnitude every year. According to SLCERT, the computer crime rate has increased up to 4733% from 2008 to 2014. Particularly fake account crimes gift increased from nearly 0 to 2300.Figure 2 Computer Crimes Reported from 2008 to 2014From Colombo to the countryside, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and other favorable media web applications have spread and it has begun to create an impact on the federat ion and culture particularly among the younger generation. Facebook crimes are the majority of the favorable media associate crime in Sri Lanka. There are many Facebook crimes which ended up with suicides, rapes, or even murders not only among teenagers but also among adults too.(SLCERT, n.d.)Mr. Jayantha Fernando, computer programme Director, randomness and Communication engineering science Agency (ICTA) distinguishd that at that place is a necessity for net privacy acts when the standards of information protection are profaned since Sri Lanka has no specialised acts on internet privacy.Jayantha mentioned that the Sri Lankan administration has started strategy take deliberations at the initiative of ICTA on data protection and internet privacy acts, and the process of developing the draft is ongoing.In 2015, the Computer Crimes discussion section of the wretched Investigation Department (CID) arrangement beneath the Computer Crimes answer 2007 managing an expanding a mount of complaints on privacy violations and email scooping. The department has explored more than hundred on internet associated misconducts, including twenty-one protests associated with obscene publications, fifty protests of cyber defamation and twenty associated to e-mail hijacking.Additional two thousand protests relating Twitter and Facebook (FB) were informed to the SLCERT in the take caremost 7 months of 2015. The majority of the events had happened on Facebook, and mainly the involvement of fake profiles, superior Information Security Engineer of SLCERT, Mr. Roshan Chandragupta stated.Mr. Roshan stated that people were hurt in various ways over the internet. Few were threatened with data associated with the target, some were blackmailed for cash, fewer were harassed sexually and few were even harassed to the request of deceased.A lot of people were hurt by impersonators via social media. most of them do not know where to file a complaint, hence, the protest cerebr ate to fake profiles were not filed, he said.An inquiry officer of the Computer Crimes Division of CID expressed Present acts make it very hard for us to arrest in the culprits.The officer also said that most of the events that were informed, in which an idle person dispenses the contact information of another person. Generally, this target would be an ex-lover of the wrongdoer who eagerly wants to punish her. Since there was no defamation, it does not come beneath defamation law, therefore it becomes very hard for the police to put the wrongdoer behind bars.CID Director SSP.R Nagahamulla said that the Computer Crimes Division does not have enough officers to do the work, and also do not have an comme il faut amount of standard electronic equipment support investigation. The department has no divisions. Nevertheless, the cable of training extra officers and the process of purchasing the devices were begun by the CID.(Nafeel, 2015).Mr. Roshan said that lack of knowledge about computer security on cyber platforms is the main lawsuit for many of the computer crimes.The absence of computer proficiency, correspondence, and breakage in family connections were the existent foundations for the present surge in social media-related incidents, said by Manoj Jinadasa, aged lecturer at the Department of Mass Communication at the University of Kelaniya.In Western countries, media literacy is built into the school curriculum. This should be done here too, he said.(Dissanayake, 2014)The senior CID officer said that every day, the CID gets a minimum of ten to twelve cybercrime grievances, which adds up to more than 400 showcases for from each one month. Since the team at CID is little, resolving these cases will be deferred (Wickramasekera, 2015).Here is an example social media crime incidentThe headmaster of John Kothalawala School in Kurunegala has been captured by the police force Unit of the National Child Protection Authority. The headmaster was criticized for disgracing a young lady over a Facebook photograph, prompting her suicide. He has been captured as a component of the examination (NewsFirst, 2014).The Computer Crime Act, No.24 of 2007This act describes the ways of identifying computer crimes and if such crimes occur the procedure for the investigation and the prevention mechanism for the crimes.The viands of this Act will applicable whereThe lawbreaker in or distant Sri Lanka.Computer storage or information affected in or outside Sri Lanka.Facility or service used to commit the crime in or outside Sri Lanka.Loss or damages caused to state or person in or outside Sri Lanka.The offenses and punishments stated in this act are simplified into a table format belowAnd / Or disconcert 1 Offences and the penalties mentioned in Computer Crime Act 2007(SLCERT, 2007)Who will be involved in the investigation?Police officersComputer expertsThe panel will appoint computer experts to support police department to help with the case. If the police department has sufficient experts, then there is no necessary for more computer experts. convening on CybercrimeThe company on Cybercrime is also called as Budapest Convention or Budapest Convention on Cybercrime or European Cybercrime Convention. The Budapest Convention tries to address Internet and computer violations by agreeing to national acts, enhancing analytical strategies and expanding collaboration among countries.The European Cybercrime Convention dealing criminal activities carried out by dint of the computer and the Internet, especially with copyright infringements, child pornography, infringement of system security, hate crimes, and computer associated frauds.In 2015, Sri Lanka was welcomed to enter in the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. The Foreign Affairs Ministry works with the ICTA has optimized Sri Lankas entrance into the Council of Europe (CoE) Cybercrime Convention.Sri Lanka went beyond South Africa, Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico, Philippines and a few different nations in the procedure towards participating the Convention on Cybercrime. Sri Lanka turns into the inaugural Nation in South Asia to participate the Convention on Cybercrime, which is the main universal arrangement on cybercrimes all inclusive.The advantage of this convention is that all will be constrained to obey to the privacy guard and information security. Privacy acts are the most critical one where the stockholders from Europe or different nations will consider before investing in Sri Lanka, how their data are protected.(Nafeel, 2015)Comparing Sri Lankan laws with different country laws is a good way of evaluating strengths and weakness of the laws in Sri Lanka.Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 (India)Sri Lanka and India have very much in common, both are Asian countries (closest countries), both are classless countries. Sri Lanka and India are the members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Sri Lankan culture and Indi an culture are pretty much similar. Therefore, the Indian law has been used for the relation.India has an act called Information Technology Act, 2008 to prevent computer crimes happening and submit guidelines to follow if such incident occurs. This act is an amendment of Information Technology Act, 2000.The offences and punishments mentioned in the act are listed in a simple table format below And / OrTable 2 Offences and Penalties in the Information Technology Act, 2008(Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, n.d.)Sri LankaCrimeIndiaFine (LKR)ImprisonmentFine ()Imprisonment 200,000 5 daysHacking with intention of committing crime 500,000 3 years 5 yearsOffenses committed against national security / cyberterrorism Life timeTable 3 Comparison common laws between Sri Lanka and IndiaLet us compare 2 similar cases from both countries and compare the punishments hurln each by the government.For the comparison hacking case have been taken from both countries.Sri LankaA 1 7-year-old schoolboy from Kadugannawa and a twenty-seven-year old man from Moratuwa were arrested on 29 Aug 2016, for building the hack on prexy Maithripala Sirisenas site.President Sirisenas legitimate site http//www.president.gov.lk went nether assault on 26 Aug 2016, when the site was brought down and a letter posted in Sinhalese, stating the vexation of a group of hackers calling themselves The Sri Lanka Youth, at the Sri Lankan administration having planned the pass on Level examination for April, amid the conventional Sinhala and Tamil New Year.The letter was evacuated in a few minutes and a discover communicate clients that the site would down for scheduled maintenance, set up. The Presidents site was back online a couple of hours after the fact.The website was hacked one more time, the following day (27 Aug 2016), with the resulting note posted in English( foolingNews, 2016)The Crimes Investigation Department (CID) performed the arrest.According to Daily News (2016) sta tement, the man was accused of 300,000 LKR and up to three years in prison and since the kid is minor, he ended up in probation. This is the initiatory time in the Sri Lankan history a young person has been arrested under 2007 Computer Crimes Act.IndiaMumbai police have captured twenty-three-years-old hacker for trespassing into an stinting site. disdain the fact that the hacker could not get into the primary server of the economic website, which was all around secured by the organization. The hacker do some choice to the landing page of the economic site and has added a string of heart and soul to the news section of the landing page of the site. Police could break the case by taking after the follow left by the wrongdoer on the web server of the economic website. The organization has kept up a different server for money related online exchanges, for which most thorough security has been taken by the organization. The site was facilitated on an alternate server, which relativ ely had lesser security.The intruder was a tenth pass youth. He has terminate IT courses like MCSE, CCNA and so on. He had an addiction to computers. He sits in front the PC for very nearly sixteen to twenty times every day. He was using the ready-made hacking devices, to hack into any site. He goes to a specific site on the web, which encourages him to see the whole catalog coordinate of that site. At that point utilizing different strategies, for example, getting a passcode record, he gets into the directors garment and hacks the site.A case was enrolled against the intruder under area 67 of Information Technology Act 2000 and under different areas of Indian Penal Code.(CyberCrimeInvestigationCell, 2005) way outThe Sri Lankan government has charged the victim with 300,000 LKR and up to 3 years in prison. The Indian government has charged the victim with 1,000,000 Indian Rupee and up to 5 years in prison. Compare to the severity, Indian hacker dear hacked the economic site, bu t the Sri Lankan hacker hacked the Sri Lankan Presents website which is highly punishable. The punishment that the government gives will be a lesson and the threat for those who try to commit crimes. In that case, Sri Lanka has failed to give a higher penalty.When the group of people, including a 17-year-old boy hacked, president Mr. Sirisenas website (Page 13), in everyones mind a question will raise. Is the preventive move made by Sri Lankan Government to battle against computer crime is adequate?I would say NO. As per the SLCERTs report (Figure 2) and the officers statements (Page 5, Page 6) the computer crime rates keep increasing every year, So, the preventive action taken by the government is not sufficient enough.SuggestionsSevere punishments will discourage the offenders committing a crime. Compared to the Indian laws, Sri Lanka laws provide less severe punishments (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3) for the offender. So, increasing the fine amount and impressment period given to e ach crime is a better way of reducing or fillet crimes happening. Mr. Jayantha stated that authorizedly, Sri Lanka does not have any specific acts on Internet privacy (Page 5) and an inquiry officer of the Computer Crimes Division expressed that with current Sri Lankan laws it is hard to take an action on the offender. So, introducing more laws, more specific acts on Internet privacy will help to combat against these computer crimes, Especially, sections like 66E, 67, 67A, 67B introduced Information Technology Act, 2008 India (Table 2), since the rapid growth of fake accounts and social media crimes in Sri Lanka.Mr. Roshan said that the reasons for these crimes are not enough awareness about computer crimes in the society. People are not aware of where to file a complaint (Page 5). This is the main reason the culprits are out there committing more and more crimes. Spreading the awareness about computer crimes through television, radio and social media will reach a lot of people an d help reduce crimes.Provide enough equipment, facilities, human resource and training for the Police department and the Computer Crimes Division of CID to do their work without any interruptions.According to Mr. Manojs research, the majority of the victims of computer crime are teenagers. I betoken the education department introduce Computer Crimes as a cognitive content in schools. This prevents the younger generation from falling into trouble or get-up-and-go someone into. Todays generation, tomorrows future.

Reducing energy consumption in hospitality

Reducing dynamism habit in hospitalityIntroductionIn recent years the milieual issues and efficacy saving methods have last increasingly important towards tourism and hospitality manuf bendure. Hotel cleverness consumption dep shoemakers lasts on various f bringors much(prenominal) as geographical location, size, class, equipments, occupancy and age of facilities. In this report it includes the methods of reducing animation consumption in hotels at a vigilance level, followed by current legislations towards delayling milieual issues, in summing up it shows how the arming number and social organization of hotels croupe help with environmental issues.How capacity consumption bunghole be reduced on a management levelIn determine to build up an efficient vitality carcass the hotels should, re think, re- custom, reduce, recycle, recover and rationalise the re authors. In fact those practices should be followed in every single department throughout the brass section. Such as ho dokeeping, food and beverage, maintenance, room division, front office should participate individu entirelyy towards skill consumption motion. beneath argon the action mechanisms that should be bear offn, in direct to build a healthy and nil efficient environment.Employees contribution One major(ip) step towards reducing aptitude consumption is to plan a round aw arness programme throughout every department, it is important beca theatrical role their daily meet with lymph nodes gives them the opportunity to increase the awareness of the invitees. Include the environmental messages on gifts (such as mugs) to employees. Encourage staff to switch off glintens and switch off supernumerary equipments (computers, air conditioners) when leaving staff inhabit. Get staff ideas about slide fastener conversation methods and environmental issues in staff meetings. (www.go honey oiltravelgreen.com) each(prenominal) in allocate coordinators towards environmental activities. Allocate throwated members of staff who get outing be responsible for daily monitoring piddle/gas/electrical energy consumption. more thanover the hotel can fix separate consumption meters in each department in give to have a better view and overtop of energy.For an s hop uph, it should be daily practise with all employees of the hotel to switch off all sparklings when leaving an empty room. At the end of a working day, all unused office appliances should be false off at mains and not to be left on standby. Furthermore providing computers, printers with a power down features can reduce 60% energy than regular electronic equipments. On top of that foster staff to use emails where possible sort of of printing. (www. worklink.gov.uk)Gaining Guests contribution Send an environmental message with stockpile conformation messages. When guest check-in and check-out take couple of acts to educate the guest about the hotels environmental effort. Leaving placards in guest rooms can save the use of un required energy. This can hike the guests to employ their pass overs and bed sheets.Bed sheets washed every day in jet of hotels in this world millions of gallons of urine, electricity and tons of purifying. Sheets are customarily changed amid guests. If you feel that your sheets need to be changed daily, enthrall leave this card on your pillow each morning. Housekeeping will be pleased to concur you. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELFEvery day millions of gallons of irrigate, electricity and tons of detergent is used to wash wipes that have been used provided once, A towel o the rack means Ill use it again, a towel o the floor or in the tub means please exchange. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELF (www.greenhotels.com) Encourage the guest to switch off unnecessary electric items such as air conditioner, and use indwelling cellular respiration instead. Place recycle bins in guest rooms and hallways. Allow the guests to tot up an extra pound () towards a topical anesthetic environmental group. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996)Lightning efficiency By replacing the excising bulbs with low energy consumption ones (florescent atonic bulbs), offers savings in energy costs. On top of that those bulbs have a longer life span than the ordinary light bulbs. Fix light reflectors that direct more light into the room. Using motion detectors for globe champaign lighting (lobby), staff rest rooms, walk-in cooers and storage area can keep the unnecessary lights switched off. (www.4hoteliers.com) Install photovoltaic lighting systems (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) for advertising signs, walkways, weewee fountains and remote outdoor areas. pulmonary tuberculosis solar lamps in order to lighten the hotel garden area. Further by installation alignreal day sensors for garden area and an early(a)(prenominal) exterior lightning can save a massive load of energy consumption. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com)Use of stock conditioners (A/C) When the A/C competes with hot or cold air more energy is negated. So do not cool more than necessary. Install timers and sensors in order reduce energy waste. Turn off the A/C when the withstand is cooler. Close air gaps around doors and windows, and close all the unnecessary openings. Use higher energy efficiency pass judgment equipments. Compare efficiency amidst gas and electric A/C equipments. Have the units checked per year spring is the best time before starting the heavy use in summer. Minimise the available estrus sources (Below are methods to reduce heat sources)(My Ton.1996)Minimising heat sources Turn off lights and other heat producing sources that is not in use. Position heat producing sources such as lamps, television away from the thermostats. prolong windows (especially west and south facing) to reduce the heat Use window inject to reduce the heat sources heading in to the rooms. Install timers and sensors for lights and other n ecessary electric equipments.(My Ton.1996)Reducing irrigate consumption Provide Dual soused toilets to save water. Provide separate walk-in showers in order to encourage the guests to have a shower instead a bath this saves two water and energy. Keep a good maintenance on the plumbery system, fix any drips as soon as possible (www. telephone circuitlink.gov.uk) enroll dish washing machines and laundry machines which use final rinse water for prewash of beside load. Use of a food thawing machine instead of running water for faster thawing.(Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Adapt the hotel water system to be able to re-use the water for gardening and other non-drinking purpose. (One Source.2009) opposite general operations and actions By lowering the thermostat temperature by 2 degrees in the winter or raising it by 2 in the summer you will save a lot of energy. This is a technique used in many organisations in order to save without purge noticing the change of temperature. (Keynote.2008) Review and update the hotels preventative maintenance in order to maintain standards which help the system to sustain the system efficiently. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Change all one-on-one amenities in the guest bathrooms to automatic dispensers of eco- amiable products these can be refilled upon usage. (www.4hoteliers.com) Re use the heat and steam of the kitchen and laundry to be re-used for public heat energy Calculate the energy usage and assess it against available industry benchmarks in terms of per guest night or carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) generated. (www.tourismpartnership.org)Below it shows actions taken by some of the hotels in unite Kingdom, in order to be an eco friendly attribute. Derwentwater Hotel, Keswick has been following eco friendly prospectors and has been one of the greenest hotel in United Kingdom. They have introduced water saving measures, energy saving measures and waste decrease methods by gaining support from sta ff, guests and the local communities. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) overly, Radisson Edinburgh has replaced their ordinary light bulbs to energy efficient lights at a cost of $2,307, as a closure the first year savings were $27,889. (www.environmentalleader.com) this is a perfect example towards energy preservation, it clearly shows although it costs in order to take action, at the end of the process it save more than 10 times of the cost. concord to environmental leader (2009) reports Hilton has announced their sustainability targets to reach by 2014, which includes the following, Reducing energy consumption from direct operations by 20 part. Reducing CO2 (carbon dioxide) emanations by 20 percent. Reducing output of waste by 20 percent. Reducing water consumption by 10 percent. Hilton has already introduced carbon-free electricity in United Kingdom and Ireland, they say it reduce CO2 emission by more than 64,000 tons, or 56 percent of its carbon footpri nt. They overly managed to reduce energy and water consumption by 10 percent over the last two years.According to economically sound reports Marriott hotels are planning to publish their environmental policies on the official website, and each hotel will list their eco friendly actions. They say this will encourage each hotel to dispute their specific environmental policies and share these with other individual hotels. This will encourage the whole hotel chain to be an environmental friendly property as an individual.How Structure and the design of hotels can help with environmental issuesWhen planning the design and the grammatical construction of the grammatical construction, the hotel can get help from government and private companies in order bring guidance and knowledge towards building an environmentally friendly building.In terms of design the following travel can be taken, Light or reflector roofs and exterior coatings can result an environment with a lower temperature . Planting shade trees on the south side helps to keep the building cooler in warm climates. Also it provides the guests an pleasing and enjoyable environment. (my ton.1996) Install large windows and glass bricks in lobby and other public areas to maximise the use of natural light (www.businesslink.gov.uk) When designing guest rooms, installing thick curtains and carpets made with wool can retain the heat in order to conserve energy. Painting the walls in light work (such as white, green) can help to reduce the temperature of the rooms. Also by installing reflective mirrors with reflective wall paint can facilitate natural lightning. Introduce water saving shower heads and sink faucet aerators, 2.5 gallons per minute (GPM) shower heads and 1.5 GPM aerators are recommended for water saving and guest satisfaction. Because less water flow showerheads causes guest complains. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Design of the building should part with space for recycl ing, which encourages staff and guests to contribute towards the process. Key card systems control lighting, heating and air coolers when room not in use. Because of Key cards the hotel can make sure there wont be any electricity waste on a vacant room. (www.4hoteliers.com) When positioning equipment such as refrigerators, in order to get the best performance should avoid it placing next to heat sources (cookers, Owen) Adopt a water system that reuses the water for non-drinking purposes such as gardening purposes.In terms of structure the following steps can be taken. Thermostat should not be installed nearby heaters and other heat producing equipments, because this may calculate the building temperature incorrectly and increase the energy costs. (www.carbontrust.co.uk) Installing double or triple glazed windows will nurture the heat sources inside the building. Furthermore proper insulation throughout the building will reduce energy consumption. Installing solar energy system to retain heat from the sunlight and make it one and only source of energy for the hotel. Use of timing devices on thermostats will control the energy call forthd by the radiators. In fact fitting reflective material poop radiators can reduce energy consumption. (ww.4hoteliers.com) Placing gas, electricity and water meters in individual departments stops the organisation to examine energy consumption of each department which helps them to take actions on energy waste and provide necessary cash advance. When designing the structure of the building it should be in a way that invites natural light and air in to the building. (www.archinode.com) A re hunt club done by leaders in slide fastener and environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system in United States have proved when designing the structure of the building use of steel superstructure is estimated environmental friendly than using cover superstructures. Below it shows the negative impacts of cover.A cover super structure would consume over ternary times more energy than a steel one.A concrete superstructure would consume almost six times as much as natural resources than a steel one.Production of a concrete superstructure would use more toxic than a steel superstructure.A concrete superstructure would produce over four times good waste as a steel one.A steel superstructure is easier to recycle, producing more secondary useful product, than a concrete one.A concrete superstructure would pollute air over v times than a steel one.A steel superstructure would pollute water over three times than a concrete one.A concrete superstructure would contribute to global warming almost seven times more than a steel one. (www.archinode.com)Current legislations relating to environmental issues purlieual security measures defend 1990 Environment Act 1995Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency as the regulating bodies for contaminated land, abandoned mines, national parks, contr ol of pollution, conservation of natural resources and conservation or enhancement of the environment.. (www.opsi.gov.uk) zip fastener conservation act 1996This act was introduced to make provisions for energy conservations, futurity to to allow local authorities to implement a strategy to achieve improvement in energy efficiency (www.opsi.gov.uk) Control of pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14This act controls the methods of waste disposal with the Environment Agency or Scottish Environment Protection Agency and outlines the penalties (including seizure and disposal) for vehicles shown to have been used for illegal waste disposal. (www.statutelaw.gov.uk) Clean air act 1993The clean air act authorizes the local councils to control domestic and industrial smoke and allows them to create smoke control areas in order to improve the local air quality. (www.netregs.gov.uk) Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 3538Introduces a new system for environmental per mits for industrial activities and waste operations in England and Wales, including landfill and waste incineration, and sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulator. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Buildings Regulations 2000, SI 2531Introduces requirements for builders to calculate and display energy ratings on new or altered buildings. (www.books.google.com) Eco Design for Energy-using Products Regulations 2007 SI 2037This standard establishes a framework for setting eco design requirements for energy-using products. (www.opsi.gov.uk) piss act 2003This act was introduced to control the abstraction and impounding of water. It helps to protect the water resources throughout the country. (www.environment-agency.gov.uk) Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 991This regulation issues energy performance certificates (to maintain energy efficient standards) when buildings are constructed in order to rent out or sell. (www .communities.gov.uk) EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label honor Scheme 1980/2000This is an award scheme towards eco-label to manufacturers who want to inform consumers about what they are doing to reduce the environmental impact of their products. (Eur-lex.europa.eu) List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895This regulation provides the European Waste Catalogue list of codes used to classify wastes. (www.products.ihs.com)Conclusion existence an environmental friendly property means that they save electricity, water, reduce solid waste while saving money and creating a healthy environment to the guest, staff and the management. In order to become a green property the organisation should the gain contribution from every parties such as staff, guests, local communities, local councils and other environmental friendly organisation. As a result the organisation can gain respect towards the idea of conserving the environment.From a business point of view this allows them t o differentiate their products from rivals and attract more guests. Being a green property will not only gain guest respect, they will overlook at the hotel over the rivals. Further, by being environmental friendly the organisation can reduce costs on energy, water and waste, the money saved can be re invested in future development, research and staff incentives. This concept also leads towards staff satisfaction by building a pleasant, relaxed environment to work. Once the hotel adapts to environmentally friendly practices it will gain marketing opportunities and support by local media (magazines, newspapers and television programs). Also it allows the hotel to gain financial support and expertise form government organisations who helps green concepts. Furthermore all these efforts give an opportunity to achieve rewards and awards from hospitality bodies which the organisation can be proud of. The most important fact of all this whole process is that, it will contribute to protect our one and only earth.BibliographyMy ton.1996. green your property, green sealGeorgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996.Waste reduction in hotels and motelsTop 10 tips for reducing waste and saving energyhttp//www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=ONEOFFPAGEitemId=1081838672 accessed on 20/08/2009One Source learning service (2009) Data monitor independent research. (British Library online database) on hand(predicate) from http/globalbb,onesource.com/sharedscripts/reports/FetchAR.asp?process=cpDocIDAccessed on 13/03/2009Keynote information service (2009) (British Library online database)http/www.bl.uk/eresources/business/cd-busin.htmlmarket. (Keynote)Accessed on 13/03/2009Tips and Tricks for Greening your HotelAvailable from http//gogreentravelgreen.com/green-hotels-green-accommodation/11-tips-and-tricks-for-greening-your-hotel-stay-25-days-to-green-travel-day-16/ Accessed on 13/03/2009Tips and Tricks for Greening your HotelAvailable from http//www.4hoteliers.c om/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=3229 accessed on 20/08/2009Steel VS ConcreteAvailable from http//www.archinode.com/lcasteel.html accessed on 12/03/2009http//www.healthandsafety.co.uk/envas.htm accessed on 12/03/2009going away greenAvailable from http//www.tourismpartnership.org/downloads/Going%20Green.pdf 20/08/2009Hilton Sets Target Of 20% CO2 Reduction By 2014Available fromhttp//www.environmentalleader.com/2008/06/05/hilton-sets-target-of-20-co2-reduction-by-2014/ accessed on 22/08/2009Marriott To List Green Actions Of Individual HotelsAvailable from http//www.economicallysound.com/marriott_speaks_green_soon.html accessed on 22/08/2009Environmental Protection Act 1990Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/ukpga_19900043_en_1Legislation-Preamble accessed on 20/08/2009Environment act 1995Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/ukpga_19950025_en_1 accessed on 20/08/2009Environmental permitting regulations 2007 SI 3538Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20 073538_en_1 accessed on 20/08/2009Building regulations 2000, SI 2531Available from http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=ixzl0dw8LpICpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=building+regulations+2000,+si+2531source=blots=BkC1vCaLdSsig=HBUkP0oQmHzE5s5dq_RD0dwuvPYhl=enei=6mqNSpS3Kd6RjAeWiZHcDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5v=onepageq=building%20regulations%202000%2C%20si%202531f=false accessed on 20/08/2009Energy Conservation Act 1996Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/Ukpga_19960038_en_1accessed on 20/08/2009Eco design for energy-using products regulations 2007 SI 2037Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20072037_en_1 accessed on 20/08/2009Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14Available from http//www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+PrimaryPageNumber=36NavFrom=2parentActiveTextDocId=1349599ActiveTextDocId=1349599filesize=112837 accessed on 20/08/2009Clean Air Act 1993Available from http//www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/legislation/current/107146.aspx accessed on 20 /08/2009Water act 2003Available from http//www.environmentagency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/water_act_leaflet_833646.pdf accessed on 20/08/2009The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/991)Available from http//www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/energyperformance accessed on 20/08/2009EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label Award Scheme 1980/2000Available from http//eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJL200023700010012enPDF accessed on 20/08/2009List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895Available from http//www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=List+of+Wastes+%28England%29+Regulations+2005+SI+895btnG=Searchmeta= accessed on 20/08/2009

Microwave-assisted Extraction Technique for Oil Extraction

Microwave-assisted Extr fulfill Technique for Oil ExtractionResult and newsOptimization by central composite designAn experimental mathematical function based on the CCD was adopted for three independent variables ( origination judgment of conviction, actinotherapy situation and wet kernel), which resulted in 20 experimental runs. Table 1 shows the resolutions obtained in the CCD experiments and the general design. The results indicated considerable variations in the beginning efficiency of native anele and TQ amount. These variations reflected the importance of optimization to attain higher(prenominal) productivity of inseparable vegetable cover color and TQ.Table 2 comprises the equation of dependent variables and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the effects. Second-order polynomial manikins used to express meaty fossil oil stemma try (YE) and TQ issue. The R-squ bed statistic indicated that the model explains 97.04% and 92.26% of the variability in YE% and TQ%, respectively. The adjusted R-squared statistic was 0.93 for YE% and 0.83% for TQ%. The p- encourage little than 0.05 indicate the model basis are significant. The lack of fit p-value more than 0.05 implies the lack of fit is non significant relation to the pure error, which indicated that the models were accurate and satisfactory. The significance of each coefficient was situated by F-value and p-value listed in Table 2. The data indicate that irradiation actor (P) and moisture inwardness (M) have significant effects on some(prenominal) YE% and TQ%, provided rootage beat (ET) influences only YE%.The response surface methodological analysis (RSM) is interested as an excellent tool for obtaining the maximum amount of complicated information and the best way to predict the effect of the independent variables on the dependent one. Besides, RSM plays an important role in designing, formulating, developing and analyzing new scientific research, as headspring as improvi ng actual studies and products (Bas and Boyaci 2007). Three-dimensional response surface of multiple non-linear regression models were applied to explain the interactions between inception date, irradiation cause and moisture content on the YE% and TQ% (Fig. 2A-D). Fig. 2A and C drag the interaction between extraction term and irradiation power on the extraction yield of substantive oil and its thymoquinone content. Increasing the extraction time from 15 to 30 min with irradiation power from 180 to 450 W enhanced the YE% and TQ%, small-arm both of them started decreasing when the extraction time and irradiation power were step-upd up to 45 min and 720 W. This might be the reason for the volatilization and decomposition of natural oil and its roles when the irradiation power and extraction time increased (Qiet al. 2014). The effect of extraction time on TQ% was little than YE%. The results showed that a ampleer irradiation time and power were not sufficient for substan tive oil extraction. Fig. 2B shows the three-dimensional plot of the response surface for the of the essence(p) oil extraction yield as related to moisture content and time. The increase of extraction time from 15 to 30 min with an increase of moisture content from 15% to 50% significantly accelerated immanent oil extraction, and extraction yield of essential oil decreased when moisture content was higher than 60%. At low moisture content, the vapour rate was low, resulting in an incomplete extraction. On the contrary, a high proportionality of water might lead to hydrolysis of some volatile components (Liet al. 2012).As illustrated in Fig. 2D, an increase in TQ% was observed by increasing the moisture content from 15 to 100% with extraction time from 15 to 30 min, slice the TQ% was not more changed apparently after 45 min. Those results suggested that increasing moisture content from 30% to 50% unitedly with an increase of extraction time from 15 to 30 min, the extraction yie ld reaches a peak value with a good recovery of TQ. The results showed that the amount of oil extracted increased at first when the power was increased, but started to decrease when the power passed 450 W. This reveals that an increase in power enhanced the mass transfer ratio until a veritable value, thus increasing the extraction yield. However, the extraction yield of essential oil decreased slightly at higher irradiation power. This might be due to a quick change of temperature, leading to partially caloric decomposition of volatiles (Qiet al. 2014).Based on the results, the high content of TQ (20%) in the highest overall yield of essential oil (0.33%) was obtained through MAE extraction conditions of extraction time 30 min, irradiation power 450 W, and moisture content 50%. curb experiments were conducted six times under these optimal conditions. The resulting mean extraction yield and thymoquinone percent were 0.32% and 19.47% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1 6% and 3.78% respectively.Comparison of MAE with HDCompared with MAE method, unoriginal hydrodistillation (HD) was used as a reference method for essential oil extraction from N. sativa seeds (Table 1). The results revealed that the extraction yields of MAE for 30 min (0.316 0.01%, w/w) were higher than HD for 3 h (0.23 0.035%, w/w). Also, as seen in Table 1, the content of TQ obtained from HD dropped drastically (3.71%) compared with MAE. In contrast to HD, MAE could decrease the rate of oxidation and hydrolysis of bioactive compounds by step-down the extraction time (Qiet al. 2014). In the HD process, the samples were heated by the thermal conductivity from the outside to the inside of samples. However, in the MAE process, heat transfer arises from the samples center to the satellite colder environment. Moreover, the internal heating of the in situ water produces areas of compression in the plant, resulting in the serious rupture of glands and oleiferous receptacles (Lucchesie t al. 2007). This might cause the considerable difference in the extraction yield of essential oil between two extraction methods. Hence, MAE is an efficient, environmentally friendly and energy-saving extraction method. Consequently, vaporize-assisted extraction is a promising secondary to extract essential oils from natural products.Structural changes after extractionSEM was diligent to evaluate the structural changes of N. sativa seeds when subjected to different oil extraction procedures. Fig. 3A shows a micrograph of the untreated seeds (before extraction), and Fig. 3B and C are the SEM images of samples that have treated by HD (3h) and MAE (30 min), respectively. As illustrated in Fig. 3A, the presence of numerous essential oil cells with a full surge shape is observed. Most of them became atrophic, rupture and appeared wrinkled after extraction by HD (Fig. 3B). In HD process, the heat transfer is mainly performed by conduction and convection only, while in the process of MAE, it is implemented in three ways radiation, conduction and convection (Maet al. 2012). As a result, in MAE process, heat is produced from within the glands as well as from the outside. When the glands were subjected to more severe thermal stresses and localized high pressures, as in the case of microwave heating, the pressure build-up within the glands could have exceeded their cogency for expansion, and caused their rupture more rapidly and completely than in conventional extraction (Lucchesiet al. 2007 Qiet al. 2014). After MAE, most of cells appeared completely disrupted explaining that all the cell walls are finally damaged and collapsed, and have resulted into undefined boundaries (Fig. 3C).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometryThe components of essential oil from N. sativa seeds obtained by MAE and HD were analyzed by GC-MS. The detected constituents, their retention indices and relative percentages are given in Table 3. Thirty components were identified in the essential oi l obtained by MAE and HD. The number of identified compounds was set about than that inform by Benkaci-Ali et al. (2007) and Liu et al. (2013). The different origin of the seeds and/or the press down sample shooter volume may be the reason for this. The essential oils contained mainly of monoterpenes hydrocarbons (59.93% for MAE and 76.36% for HD) together with noticeable contents of oxygenated monoterpenes (24.61 for MAE and 8.2% for HD) and smaller amounts of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (5.57 for MAE and 5.69% for HD). In both methods, the monoterpene hydrocarbons were noticeably rule by p-cymene (41.99% for MAE and 52.82% for HD) while -thujene, -pinenes, -pinene, sabinene and terpinene were present at lower amounts. Among the oxygenated monoterpenes, TQ was the major(ip) bioactive constituent especially in oil isolated by MAE (20.41%), together with lower contents of linalool, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol. In the HD method, the oxygenated monoterpene content of the essential oil was substantially lower than that obtained with MAE, because of the decomposition or hydrolysis of thymoquinone (see Table 3). These results are similar to those of Benkaci-Ali et al. (2007) who describe that the content of oxygenated monoterpenes of the oil obtained by MAE was higher than that by HD for N. sativa seeds. Li et al. (2012) suggested that during the procedure of MAE, microwave irradiation highly accelerates the extraction process without causing considerable changes in the essential oil composition, although the percentages of some components depend on the technique applied. Moreover, Benkaci-Ali et al. (2006) reported that MAE can reduce the time of extraction of N. sativa seeds essential oil to less than 10 min. However, the composition of the major products presented a fluctuation according the extraction time.Our results showed that N. sativa seeds purchased from Iran belong to the p-cymene/thymoquinone chemotype, which is in agreement with the results of Haj hashemi et al. (2004). A variety of chemotypes have been describe in the literature. Burits and Bucar (2000) reported the chemical composition of the essential oils from N. sativa from Austria. They found thymoquinone (27-57%) and p-cymene (7-15.7%) as the major compounds. Another Iranian N. sativa essential oil was found to be dominated by phenylpropanoid components and displayed a trans-anethole chemotype (Nickavaret al. 2003). N. sativa essential oil from Bangladesh (Liuet al. 2013), Algeria (Benkaci-Aliet al. 2007) and India (Singhet al. 2005) was found to be a p-cymene/thymoquinone chemotype. A chemotype with 33.0% p-cymene and 26.8% thymol and the majority of monoterpenes was reported for N. sativa essential oil from Morocco (Morettiet al. 2004 DAntuonoet al. 2002) and a chemotype with 60.2% p-cymene and 12.9% -terpinene was reported by Wajs et al. (2008) for N. sativa from Poland. This shows that the contents of compositions of essential oils of N. sativa seeds were dependent on the extraction method as well as the species.Antioxidant actowe to the complicity of essential oils, the antioxidant activities cannot be assessed by only a single method, but at least two test systems have been proposed for the determination of antioxidant activity to establish authenticity (Schlesieret al. 2002). In the present study, the antioxidant activity of N. sativa seeds essential oils extracted by MAE and HD were evaluated in vitro by DPPH scavenging activity and ferrous reduction antioxidant power assays, and compared with conventional antioxidants.Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH)DPPH assay is often used as an indicator of free radical scavenging capacity it is an electron-transfer-based assay, which is an important mechanism of antioxidant action (Bayramogluet al. 2008). As shown in Fig. 4A, DPPH radical-scavenging activity (SC %) increased when the oil concentration increased. A low IC50 value indicates strong antioxidant activity in a sample. The IC50 va lues of the essential oil, obtained by MAE and HD, were 28.10 and 36.90 g/ml, respectively. In brief, the DPPH scavenging effect decreased in the order VC MAE HD VE. The results showed that essential oil obtained by MAE possessed a higher free radical scavenging capacity than HD.Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)The diminution capacity of an extract or oil may use as an important indicator of its potential antioxidant activity (Maet al. 2012). A higher absorbance indicated a higher ferric reducing power. As shown in Fig. 4B, both the essential oil by different extraction methods and standards showed increased ferric reducing power with the increased concentration. Essential oil extracted by MAE at the highest concentrations analyzed, showed the highest ferric reducing capacity in terms of Fe concentrations (1670 M Fe /g) with statistical differences with control VC and VE (1400 and 300 M Fe /g, respectively. The reducing power of essential oil obtained by HD was slightly l ower than that of MAE (1580 M Fe /g). It can be due to the reduction of thymoquinone compound which is a major active chemical component of the essential oil studied. As mentioned above the antioxidant activities of Nigella sativa L. essential oil could be mainly due to the action of thymoquinone existing in the essential oil studied. In brief, the reducing power of essential oils and antioxidants revealed the descending order of MAE HD VC VE.ConclusionMicrowave-assisted extraction technique (MAE) was considered for the extraction of essential oil from Nigella sativa L. seeds. Response surface methodology was successfully implemented for optimization of extraction yield of essential oil and its thymoquinone content. The optimum parameters were extraction time 30 min, irradiation power 450 W and moisture content 50%. Thymoquinone content of oil obtained by HD was reduced substantially due to the long time extraction of HD. The antioxidant activity of essential oils extracted by M AE and HD were evaluated by DPPH and reducing power tests, and compared with traditional antioxidants. Based on the results, we conclude that MAE method represents a valuable alternative to traditional HD for the essential oil extraction from Nigella sativa L. seeds owe to the excellent extraction efficiency, higher thymoquinone content and higher antioxidant activity of the essential oil. Further study is recommended to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and other bioactive properties of N. sativa essential oil extracted by MAE and compare this method with other extraction methods. Furthermore, essential oil from Nigella sativa L. seedswould be a novel nature resource for the manipulation in food and healthy fields.

International Business strategy for Arcelik Home Appliances

Intertheme Business schema for Arcelik space AppliancesArcelik Home Appliances is the protracting manu facture of home appliances in turkey with a commercialise insure of 50% in the home(prenominal) securities industry as at 2003 (Chemawat, 2008). It supplies the mart development two brands namely Arcelik and Beko. The smart set has select an world(prenominal) expansion strategy and has already been grocerying its wares to to a greater extent than wizard hundred (100) countries mainly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and compass north Africa (Chemawat, 2008). Arcelik was originally grounded to produce metallic office furniture in 1955 besides diversified into mathematical product of household appliances shortly after. It has been hailed as the first fellowship to introduce appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators to the Turkish households. Arcelik would face set ahead challenges when it became app bent that the Turkish g every placenment would be participating in the European Communitys obligation reduction which was mingyt to reduce to zero from 1992 to 1996 (Chemawat, 2008). The challenge would be emulation from some early(a) manufactures from the European Community who would be fitted to sell their products at more competitive process in the internal market. Arcelik oercame this challenge by investing heavily in query and information thereby intimately improving the quality of their products. The phoner is currently the deceaseing holder of patents in the Turkish market. This strategy cemented its market leaders in the domestic market as consumers preferred to spend a little more to set out goods whose durability could be assured. This preference was withal enhanced by washouts move market where inflationary forces were highly unpredictable with the greater odds universe to the consumers disadvantage. Arcelik would later grow to free-base its market dominance in turkey for decades p lainly would later face challenges that would trigger its concenter on international expansion to control its survival and offshoot.Arceliks motives for international expansionThe focus on international expansion by Arcelik was triggered by the economic crisis that hit Turkey in 2001. This crisis had led to soaring levels of unemployment and a significant reduction of market demand by an estimated figure of 35% (Chemawat, 2008). This strategy mainly comprised change magnitude merchandises as good as engaging in international acquisitions. The economic crisis in Turkey must have proved to Arcelik the vulnerability of squiffys wholly dependent on domestic markets. Pressures from business cycles, inflation, interest rate, put back rates and political forces are prevalent in domestic markets. On the opposite hand, international markets tend to be better insulated from such pressures since they bequeath rarely apply a incubate several countries. Economic crisis in one market would normally non be prevalent in the rest of the markets wherefore multinationals can run across stability by marketing their products across many an(prenominal) countries. Arcelik had to get a way to survive the economic crisis in 2001 and as well ensure that future telephoner performance was stabilized by diminution its level of vulnerability to domestic market fluctuations. Arcelik similarly desire to focus on international expansion in shape to development its level of production and increase its economies of outmatch (Chemawat, 2008). This means that with additional production, the address of producing all(prenominal) unit product becomes significantly abase and then allowing a company to make higher(prenominal) margins per unit or allowing them to charge lower per unit without incurring any losses. Economies of scale allow a company to remain competitive in the ever-evolving economies. To ensure that the economies of scale do not end up in accumulation of de ad stock, or in the escalation of warehousing and storage costs, Arcelik would need to look to markets that would be able to sponsor its intention of increasing the economies of scale by a large demand. The national demand within Turkey would not be able to sop up these additional products hence the rationale behind Turkey looking to increase international trade. The level of demand for home appliances in Europe whole is about 25% of world demand (Chemawat, 2008). Arcelic sought to tap into this big demand to hold up its competitiveness and the large levels of production occasioned by their strategy of maximizing on the economies of scale. International expansion can to a fault be explored where a company seeks to lower its production costs by having a significant proportion of their production done from regions where the cost is lower than in the domestic market. One of the major factors of production that normally influence the ending of overseas production is labour. Whe n considering labour, it is imperative that a company weighs between the benefits of the savings from paying the lower labour cost, the differences in the productivity of the workers between the higher wage and lower wage areas, and the transport and storage cost implications. It is also worth noting that in many cases, where the labour costs are low, other factors of production such as land would also be comparatively lower. The labour cost in Western Europe is estimated to be quint generation that in Turkey. Labor cost in Turkey is 3 times that in Eastern Europe (Chemawat, 2008). In China, it is four times lower than in Turkey. Labor productivity also varies and must be taken into account. For instance, in China, labour productivity is just half of that in Turkey. Additional transportation costs are determined by twain the distance between the production facilities and the legal environments of the countries through which the products must cross to get to its intended markets . Access to international markets is crucial to any constitution that seeks to expand itself. Domestic markets ordain often in many cases be found insufficient to support the growth masterminds that the companies set for themselves. They are also in many cases unable to enable an understanding to recoup the investments they may make in research and development in time. The complexity and the level of innovations in the global market is advanced and often leads to production of recent and better fulfilling products. This significantly reduces the product life cycles and the companies engaging in research and development need to gain assurance that their investments can be recouped forwards the products lose demand. This assurance can only be found by marketing extensively in the international markets where the demand is much larger and can ably support the level of gross revenue needed. Arcelik was motivated to focus on international markets since it had opted to distinguish itself as a research and development specialist who focused on the production of quality and durable products. These features would mean that it would need to charge congenatorly higher prices for the products. On the other side, the products from other European countries were finding their way into Turkey due to the zero tariff arrangement with the European countries. The insertion of other products in Turkey meant that Arcelik would every have to lower their prices in order to maintain its domestic deal out market, or expand its operations to European and other markets in order to maintain or increase its level of sales to clients that focus more on quality, suitability and durability of the products they purchase.Arceliks options for expansionIn order to consider its goal of expansion into the international markets, Arcelik has adopted a number of options to succor them realize this goal. The international market entry options adopted by Arcelik embarrass use of exports, i nternational acquisitions, use of private label contract, and product diversification. fundamental domestic growth and use of exportsArcelik ensured growth domestically by ensuring certain accessibility to the market using exclusive distributors and agencies who also served as centres for fling after sales services. This exclusive light upwork also served as an entry roadblock for any new market operators.Exporting entails maintaining the companys operations in the home market and selling the products in overseas markets (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It is hailed as the least(prenominal) costly mode of immaterial market entry but at the same time the most vulnerable to various entry barriers as governing regulations. The cost effectiveness of this entry mode acting is enhanced by the fact that it requires no involvement with the foreign governments or the companies operating(a) in the betoken market. It is often seen as the best mode of entry for an organization op erating on a lower scale. With subsequent growth of exports, the company may open sales agencies in the foreign markets to be the connexion with the companys clients overseas. By 2003, Arcelik had full-grown to be the leading player in Estonia and Lithuania with a market share of 25% in these two markets. It also had a commanding presence in the rest of Eastern Europe. The presence of Arceliks sales agencies helpered grow significantly in Western Europe with a markets share of 15% in the United Kingdom. Arcelik also conducted a successful export strategy gaining a 70% market share in Romania with its Beko brand. The net effect of these exporting strategies was a significant increase in Arcetiks production capacity from 440,000 to 750,000 in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Chemawat, 2008).International acquisitionsThis mode involves a company buying out another firm operating in the target market hence assuming full legal rights over it. This method is hailed as the best mode of expan sion into other markets since it grants a company total control over the foreign subsidiary as well as full profits generated thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). The full control over the activities of a subsidiary is viewed as native in ensuring they run in accordance with the philosophies of the parent company hence ensure the goals of the company are achieved as intended. The targets for acquisition would need to have the unquestionable ability to equilibrize Arceliks growth strategies. Arcelik would also evaluate the foreign firms brands and take consideration on how these brands would help strengthen them as well as complement their capabilities. The target subsidiarys contribution to sustainable growth was also a key factor. Arceliks acquisitions in 2002 include Bloomberg, Electra, and Flavel and Leisure in Germany, Austria and the UK for the two latter brands (Chemawat, 2008). They also acquired arctic in Romania. The acquisitions of brands in the target marke ts was likely informed by the fact that many consumers tend to prefer purchasing brands that they can identify with the brands they consider national brands. These acquisitions tremendously increased the product range offered by Arcelik and lead to its significant growth within the European markets.Use of license contractingLicensing involves the company transferring certain rights to another firm to enable it manufacture products using its brand. In licensing, the consideration that the licensor gets is only the royalty or the license slant (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It does not take part in profit sharing or any other marketing processes of the licensee. Licensing offers the advantage of enabling a firm to avoid government regulations and other restrictive policies such as tariffs and quotas. It also enables market penetration without involving extensive metropolis expenditures. However, this method is highly restrictive in the level of control the company can have ov er the activities of the licensee. There is also the risk of the licensee gaining the technical expertise and becoming a competitor in the production of close substitutes after the expiry of the shared arrangement. Arceliks production in 2004 comprised 40% from various licensing arrangements (Chemawat, 2008). This complimentary effort helped ensure Arceliks brand presence in the Europeans markets.Diversification into other businesses within TurkeyIn order to enhance further growth in the domestic market, Arcelik sought to capitalize on its elaborate dispersal interlock to result consumers with additional products. By 2004, Arcelik was offered various types cellular phones and was already getting into arrangement with various Japanese firms to act as distributors of various electronic products. The diversification proved to be a great success and further cemented Arceliks leadership in the Turkish market.Additional Options for ExpansionArceliks ambitious goal of achieving revenue s of common chord billion Euros in the next year may be embarrassing to realize unless additional methods were employed to ensure its go along growth in the international markets. Domestically, Arcelik could opt to but out local competitors in a bid to solidify its hold on the local market. This solidification would help reduce the downward pressure on its product prices by reducing the significance of competition locally. In addition, the additional channels of distribution gained through any such acquisition would act as an entry barrier to any foreign firms hence ensuring steady domestic growth. Internationally, Arcelik could embrace a number of methods to ensure its continued growth. These methods include engaging in articulation adventures, franchising and use of strategical coalescences.Joint VenturesJoint ventures involve the formation of a partnership arrangement with a contrastive company where the parent companies impart the resources to operate it, share responsi bility on management, and share profits completed thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This type of venture is especially popular where it comes to sharing the comprehension and technical knowhow required for research and development. With their determination to distinguish themselves as the master of innovation and product development, this method can be used to ensure its rapid growth. Instead of engaging in competition with the already existent companies in the foreign market, Arcelik could identify a strategic partner who knows the market remarkably well. They could then research into the market needs in a bid to try and unveil any unsatisfied demands in the market. Having found the features lacking in the products found in the market, they could, through the joint venture develop new products that would suit this need and capture the unreached market. This method would be convenient to Arcelik since it would not involve many unnecessary government regulations that normally bar entry. In addition, such a venture, if well use would easily capture the market as it would be riding on the goodwill and distribution network of the strategic partner in the foreign market.FranchisingArcelik needs to consider franchising in order to minimize the risks involved with the licensing as it currently practices. Here, Arcelik would transfer some rights to the franchisee to produce the products under its brand but will reserve the right to provide some aspects of technical support (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This way, Arcelik will be able to be abreast with the activities of the franchisee. In addition, in Franchising, the royalty is based on the amount of sales hence Arcelik will be able to generate higher revenues in the event the franchisor is able to realize significantly higher sales. Franchising is easy to start since the franchisor incurs minimal capital cost hence Arcelik can expand into more foreign markets with relative ease. Moreover, th e franchisee assumes all the risks and foots for all costs of labour and facility establishment. The company will also be able to avoid any political risks associated with foreigners operating in national markets. Arcelik can therefore easily expand its scale of production without worrying about high capital expenditure hence edging closer to achieving the revenue targetsStrategic alliancesA strategic alliance differs from joint ventures in that it does not necessarily involve formation of a legal entity. Strategic alliances are formed to enable companies use each others distribution networks, technologies, production capacities, management experience and others (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). One very essential factor in ensuring product penetration in the market is the distribution network. This has been evident in the manner in which Arcelik has been able to capture the domestic market by using effective distribution networks in Turkey. Arcelik should also try to replicate this experience in the foreign markets. However, by justice of the fact that its a foreign market, they may not have the resources to establish an effective distribution network in those markets. It would therefore be relatively more convenient to identify foreign companies with a distribution network that serves their target customers effectively, and then enter into a strategic alliance with them. This may be companies offering similar products or those making completely different products. When the products are easily available to the consumers, they more likely to buy these products and this would lead to an increase in the amount of sales realized by Arcelik. The strategic alliance could also involve sharing of certain technologies between the companies in question. Arcelik could choose to leave the production of a certain product components to a company with a comparative advantage in its production in exchange for providing a component which it can produce more efficiently. This exchange could lead to lowering the production cost which would be useful in helping the company become more price-competitive in the market.ConclusionArceliks growth is mainly dependent on how the company can enter and wave in the international markets. This is because it is already commanding the domestic market in Turkey and may have limited growth opportunities locally. Growth and diversification are often related as is evident from Arceliks company history. Arcelik has grown in the past by steadily improving on the product range that it offers to the market and this diversification should be continued to ensure continued growth.

Frederick Douglass Dream For Equality :: essays research papers fc

Frederick Douglass Dream for Equality abolishment stopped Frederick Douglass dead in his tracks and aimd himto reinvent himself. He conditioned the hard central truth close to abolishment. Oncehe conditioned what that truth was, he was compelled to tell it in his speeches andwritings even if it meant giving away the most secret truth about himself. Fromthen on, he accepted abolition for what it was and rode the fates.The truth he learned about abolition was that it was a white enterprise.It was a fight surrounded by whites. Blacks joined abolition except on sufferance.They also joined at their own risks. For a long time, Douglass, a man of prideand artfulness, denied this fact.For years there had been disagreements among umpteen abolitionists. Everyonehad their own beliefs to contendds abolition. There was especially great bitternessbetween Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, date from the early 1850s whenDouglass had repudiated Garrisonian Disunionism. Garrisonians support ed theidea of disunion. Disunion would have relieved the North of accountability forthe sin of slavery. It would have also ended the Norths obligation to enforcethe short slave law, and encourage a greater exodus of fugitive slaves fromthe South. (161,162 Perry) Douglass did not support this idea because it wouldnot result in the complete abolition of slavery. Blacks deserved just as muchfreedom as whites. He believed that the South had committed treason, and theUnion must rebel by force if necessary. Astonished by Garrisons thoughts,Douglass realized that abolition was truly a war between whites. Garrison, andmany others, had failed to see the slaves as human beings. Were blacks then supposititious to be irretrievably black in a white world ?Where is the freedom and hope if all great things are privilege only to thewhites? Douglass resolved never again to risk himself to betrayal. Troubled,Douglass did not lose organized religion in his beliefs of abolishing slavery. However, h edid reinvent his thinking.Douglass eventually made his way with what amounted to the utilise ideasof Alexis de Tocqueville and Fancis Grund, both of which were writing at thetime when Douglass realized the truth about abolition. Grund and Tocquevillecelebrated the new man, the self-made men who were breaking through oldrestraints. These restraints included monopolized privileges, restrictedfranchises, and the basic refusal of the main chance of equal opportunity. Theblacks were confronted by the most vicious and deadly restraints any new manhad been compelled to award in the United States. This was horrendous, but itwas not insurmountable.Douglass decided that the separation between whites was an advantage to his

Joeseph Mccarthy Essay -- essays research papers

Who was Joseph McCarthy?&9Joseph R. McCarthy was born in 1908 on a family farm in Wisconsin. He went to a body politic school and decided he was done with his education at the adolescent hop on of 14. After that, he explained to his family that he was finished with his studies and wanted to occasion a farmer like his father. &9Joe began a profitable vexation of raising chickens after borrowing a plot of land from his father. Unfortunately, Joe became very(prenominal) ill and his business perished. Joe decided that he would go to work. At age 19 he became the manager of a grocery store in Manawa, a town thirty miles away. Some friends of his convinced him to go suffer to high school. He was a very smart man and, at the age of 20, managed to finish four years of high school in just one year. In 1930 he enrolled in Marquette University in Milwaukee where he soon succeeded in getting his law degree in 1935. He ended up moving north to Waupaca. There he ran and won the judgeship f or the Tenth District of the Wisconsin Curcuit Court.&9In 1942, Joe enlisted in the maritime Corps even though he was exempt for the draft collectible to his public position. In his first two years as a lieutenant, he went on many flying missions, broke his leg on a ship during a party and gained a lot of anxiety from the press along the way. Although later he claimed that his injured leg was caused by ten pounds of sharpnel that he was carrying at the time. There is also a brawl about exactly how many flying mis...

Bipolar Disorder :: essays research papers

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has been a closed book since the 16th century.History has shown that this affliction can appear in closely anyone. Even the great painterVincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our societymany people live with bipolar disorder however, despite the abundance of peoplesuffering from the it, we are equable waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure.The one fact of which we are painfully assured is that bipolar disorder severely underminesits victims ability to obtain and maintain affectionate and occupational success. Because bipolardisorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we hang on vigilant in thequest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can bebroken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized byintense feelings of sadness and despair that can b ecome feelings of hopelessness andhelplessness. slightly of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia,disturbances in sleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings ofworthlessness, guilt, difficultness thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death andsuicide. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increasedenergy, decreased look at for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and very much reckless orirresponsible behavior. Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of thepopulation (approximately three million people) in the join States. It is presented byboth males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression.These episodes may substitute with profound depressions characterized by a pervasivesadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, inconcentrations and driving.Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs w hether depression hasbeen diagnosed or not. Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience aperiod of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood,hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need forsleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities . Rarest symptomswere periods of loss of all saki and retardation or agitation.